Overview

Self-Determination Theory (SDT) is not just a single explanation of motivation; it is a meta-theory, an overarching framework that integrates multiple related theories, each offering insight into different aspects of human motivation. Within SDT, there are six interrelated mini-theories, each designed to explain specific dimensions of how motivation develops, is sustained, or breaks down in different contexts, including sport and physical activity.

Cognitive Evaluation Theory (CET)

CET focuses on how social and environmental factors influence intrinsic motivation, particularly through their impact on an individual’s feelings of autonomy and competence. For example, athletes are more intrinsically motivated when they feel in control of their choices and capable of mastering tasks. Feedback, rewards, and pressure can either support or undermine this motivation, depending on how they are delivered.

Organismic Integration Theory (OIT)

OIT explains the different forms of extrinsic motivation along a continuum, from external regulation (the least autonomous) to internal regulation (the most autonomous). It highlights how behaviours that start as externally driven (e.g., training for a reward) can become increasingly internalised if they are seen as personally meaningful. This theory illustrates how motivation can evolve, becoming increasingly self-directed over time when the right conditions are present.

Causality Orientations Theory (COT)

COT describes individual differences in motivational tendencies, or how people naturally interpret and respond to situations. It outlines three orientations: autonomous (driven by personal goals), controlled (driven by external demands), and impersonal (linked to amotivation or helplessness). Athletes with a strong autonomous orientation are more likely to self-regulate and remain committed even when facing challenges.

Basic Psychological Needs Theory (BPNT)

BPNT identifies three core needs—autonomy, competence, and relatedness - as essential for psychological growth, motivation, and well-being. This mini-theory underpins the others and is central to understanding how supportive environments help athletes thrive. When these needs are fulfilled, motivation becomes more self-determined; when they are thwarted, motivation deteriorates.

Goal Contents Theory (GCT)

GCT explores what types of goals individuals pursue, distinguishing between intrinsic goals (e.g., health, skill development, connection with others) and extrinsic goals (e.g., fame, image, financial reward). The theory suggests that pursuing intrinsic goals leads to more sustainable motivation and better well-being, while extrinsic goals may offer short-term reward but less lasting fulfilment.

Relationships Motivation Theory (RMT)

RMT focuses specifically on the role of relationships and social connection in motivation. It emphasises that feeling cared for, understood, and part of a group supports sustained engagement and well-being. In sport, this means that positive coach-athlete and teammate relationships are vital in maintaining motivation over time.

In summary, Self-Determination Theory integrates six complementary mini-theories that explain how motivation operates at both personal and environmental levels. Together, they provide a robust and nuanced understanding of how athletes develop self-determined motivation, the influences that shape it, and how it can be supported to enhance performance, engagement, and overall well-being in sport.